white lotus rebellion

Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. In the stockades they were organized into local militia defense corps. Members of the society were not ethnically different from Han Chinese, but subscribed to a belief based on a mixture of Taoism, Buddhism, and Manichaeism. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. The rebels are all our own subjects. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." Corrections? It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Imperial forces. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Rapid and often reckless development of the Shensi uplands, however, often led to soil erosion, rapid loss of fertility, and declining crop output. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. Kublai Khan 12 talking about this. Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. Updates? Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Imperial Mistakes France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. "[5] When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. 22 Feb. 2023 . At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . [CDATA[ The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion.". Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). At the . The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). [2][3], The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. View original page. in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. ", Dai, Yingcong. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. [2][3]. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. . It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. . The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Omissions? In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. ." . Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). However, the date of retrieval is often important. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. They are not like some external tribe . - systematic program of pacification followed, Causes and effects of internal challenges; Wh, taiping (Taip'ing) rebellion: reasons for the, taping rebellionconsequences for Chinese soc, tongzhi restoration and self-strengthening mo, collectivisation (maintenance of power, stali, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Corrections? Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu.